S37 



Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 



DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 



BULLETIN No. 15 



Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste Land 
What and How to Plant 



BY 

W. GARDINER CONKLIN. 



In CbarcTc of the Bureau of Silviculture and Mensuration 




Issued by Direction of the Commissioner of Forestry 



HAKRISBURG, PA.: 

WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER. 

1916 



Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 



DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 



BULLETIN No. 15 



Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste Land 
What and How to Plant 



BY 

W. GARDINER CONKLIN, 



In Charge of the Bureau of Silviculture and Mensuration 



Issued by Direction of the Commissioner of Forestry 



HARRISBURG, PA.; 

WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER. 

1916 






p. of D. 

JUN T. 1917 



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PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 



Robert S. Conklin, 
Commissioner of Forestry. 

Irvin C. Williams, 
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. 



STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. 



Robert S. Conklin, 
President. 

S. B. Elliott, 
Wm. P. Stevenson, 
J. M. Hoffman, 
George B. Lewis. 



BUREAU OF SILVICULTURE AND MENSURATION. 



W. Gardiner Conklin, in charge. 
Raymond B. Winter, Assistant. 



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•^ *5»*5»*J»«J'' 



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LETTER OF TRANvSMITTAL. 



Hon. Robert S. Conklin, 

Commissioner of Forestry. 

Dear Sir: 

The many inquiries received from persons tlirougliout the State 
requesting- information on reforesting waste lands have prompted 
the preparation of this bulletin, "Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste 
Land." It has been written for the purpose of advising interested 
persons how to reclaim their waste land, where to obtain the plant- 
ing stock, the species best to plant, and how the planting should be 
done. 

The information herein contained has been gleaned largely from 
data obtainable as the result of planting on Pennsylvania's State 
Forests. This opportunity is taken to thank the field force of for- 
esters for supplying much of the data. 

Appreciation of the assistance rendered by Prof. J. S. Illick, of 
the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, who supplied the habitats 
of the species suggested for planting is hereby tendered. 

The illustrations given are practically all from the collection 
belonging to the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. Except 
when otherwise noted, the illustrations are from photographs taken 
by the author. Special mention should be made of those taken in 
plantations on the Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks county, by District 
Forester James E. McNeal. 

The bulletin is presented with the hope that it will be published and 
distributed freely throughout the State. 

Very respectfully yours, 

W. GARDINER CONKLIN, 

In charge of the Bureau of 
Harrisburg, Pa. Silviculture and Mensuration. 

November 27, 1916. 



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CONTENTS. 



PART ] 



WHAT AND HOW TO PLANT. 

Page. 

Introduction, « , ., 9 

Why waste lands should be refoi-ested, 10 

Classes of land in Pennsylvania which should be reforested, 10 

A plantation defined, 12 

Success or failure of the plantation, 12 

Species to plant, 12 

Purpose of the planting 15 

Light requirements of trees , 16 

Age and size of planting stock to use, 16 

Time to plant, 18 

Care of planting stock , 18 

Preparation before planting, 19 

Spacing, 19 

Mixture of species, 20 

Method of planting, 21 

Digging the hole , 21 

Setting the seedling , 21 

The planting crew , , 21 

Cost of planting, 22 

Rate of growth , 23 

Protection of the plantation, 27 

Fire, 27 

Grazing, 27 

Gnawing animals , 27 

Insects, 27 

Fungi, 28. 



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PAKT II. 



WHERE AND HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 

Page. 

Planting stock may be furnished by the Department of Forestry, 29 

How to obtain planting stock , , 30 

Advice and examination , 32 

What is required of the recipient, 32 

Nursery stock receipt, , 33 

Nursery cha rge , < • . = 33 

Plantation report for private planting, = .....= 33 

Species usually available for free distribution , o3 

Points to bear in mind , 34 



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REFOKESTINO PENN'SiYLVANIA'S WASTE LAND. 
WHAT AND HOW TO PLANT. 



PART I. 



Introduction. 

A conservative estimate places Pennsylvania's forest area at ap- 
proximately 7,500,000 acres, of which 5,000,000 acres are in a non- 
productive condition. The remaining 2,500,000 acres are producing 
timber suitable for lumber. These 7,500,000 acres of land are largely 
mountainous and because of their steepness, rocky condition, and 
lack of fertility, are not adaptable for any purpose except the pro- 
duction of lumber. A large proportion of the 5,000,000 acres can 
be made productive only by the planting of forest trees, and a syste- 
matic effort should be made by every owner of such land to plant at 
least a portion of his holdings each year. If this be done, Pennsyl- 
vania can produce lumber sufficient not only for its own use, but 
can supply millions of feet annually for use outside of the State. 

Why is this land in its present barren condition? It was once 
covered with forests, why not now? In brief, because after the orig- 
inal forests were cut, tlie land was left to take care of itself. Forest 
fires started and little or no attempt was made to check them unless 
they endangered mature growth or rural habitations. These fires 
burned repeatedly over the mountains, destroying all chance of 
natural regeneration, leaving the lands barren and waste. This con- 
dition exists particularly throughout the coal districts and the plateau 
region in the northern part of Penns3dvania. To the layman, the land 
appears entirely worthless, but not so to the forester. He sees the pos- 
sibilities of the land when planted to forest trees. He also sees 
that protection from forest fires is the first necessity. 

It is estimated that, in addition to the 7,500,000 acres of forest land, 
there are in Pennsylvania 2,000,000 acres of waste farm land. This 
land was cleared but now proves worthless for agriculture. A por- 
tion of it, no doubt, is used for grazing purposes, but undoubtedly 
with little success. Such land should be planted with forest trees. 



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10 

WHY WASTE LANDS SHOULD BE REFORESTED. 

Two of the most substantial reasons for reforesting are the need 
for protection of water sheds. These in themselves are sufficient 
but many others may be cited. The essential economic aspects, 
lumber production and water shed protection, are to be considered 
here. 

Taxes are being paid annually, or supposedly so, on five million 
acres of land in the State from which the owners are receiving little 
or no return. The land represents idle capital — money, — producing 
no interest on the investment. Every instance of this sort means a 
direct financial loss to the owner. 

In 1860, Pennsylvania produced more lumber than any other 
State in the Union. In 1880, she stood second with an annual cut 
of 1,733,844,000 board feet. In 1915, the reported cut was 657,- 
853,000 board feet and her standing as a lumber producing State was 
twentieth. Lumbering in past years was done without apparent 
thought for the future. Forest fires followed lumbering, completing 
the destruction of our forests. Now, nearly one-fifth of the State, so 
far as surface value is concerned, may be classed as unproduc- 
tive. The only way to reclaim this land is by artificial reforestation, 
i. e., planting. 

Protection of water sheds is a matter of most vital interest to every 
resident of the State. A continuous supply of pure water is essen- 
tial to health and prosperity. Where better can pure water be had 
than direct from forested areas? It is a fact undeniable that a more 
uniform flow of water is had from land covered with dense forests 
than from agricultural lands or waste areas. The humus of the forest 
floor is a sponge. It holds water, allows it to run ofl' gradually, 
and thus regulates the supply. Whenever possible, watersheds, par- 
ticularly the source of drinking water, should be in forest; or, if 
devoid of tree growth, they should be reforested by planting. Many 
water companies own or control a portion of the lands which are the 
source of their water supply. Forests on these lands would not only 
assure a purer and more uniform flow of water, but would eventually 
mean an additional source of revenue to the companies. Under 
proper forest management, timber may be removed without notice- 
able injury to the protective covering of the water shed. 

CLASSES OF LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA WHICH SHOULD BE RE- 
FORESTED. 

Practically all types of land in Pennsylvania which should be 
planted to forest trees may be placed in one of the classes described 
below. Much of the land given in this classification is now practic- 
ally barren of commercially valuable species and must be planted to 
make it productive. 



a 




'•u ■'., t\. 



■^'^lL^^ ,]/ 



Photo by C. S. Bradford. 
Fig. 1. WASTE AREA. 
Destructive lumbering followed by forest fires have laid this land waste. It should 
be protected from fires and planted with trees. 




Photo by Geo. H. Wirt. 
Fig. 2. SCRUB OAK BARREN. 
Thousands of acres of this class of land are found in Pennsylvania. The scrub oak 
should be replaced by planting valuable species. 



10 

WHY WASTE LANDS SHOULD BE REFORESTED. 

Two of the most substantial reasons for reforesting are the need 
for protection of water sheds. These in themselves are sufficient 
but many others may be cited. The essential economic aspects, 
lumber production and water shed protection, are to be considered 

ERRATA. 

First and second lines, page 10, should lead, ''Two of the 
most substantial reasons for leforesting are the need of pro- 
ducing lumber for future use, and the need for protection of 
water sheds." 



thought for the future. Forest fires followed lumbering, completing 
the destruction of our forests. Now, nearly one-fifth of the State, so 
far as surface value is concerned, may be classed as unproduc- 
tive. The only way to reclaim this land is by artificial reforestation, 
i. e., planting. 

Protection of water sheds is a matter of most vital interest to every 
resident of the State. A continuous supply of pure water is essen- 
tial to health and prosperity. Where better can pure water be had 
than direct from forested areas? It is a fact undeniable that a more 
uniform flow of water is had from land covered with dense forests 
than from agricultural lands or waste areas. The humus of the forest 
floor is a sponge. It holds water, allows it to run off gradually, 
and thus regulates the supply. Whenever possible, watersheds, par- 
ticularly the source of drinking water, should be in forest; or, if 
devoid of tree growth, they should be reforested by planting. Many 
water companies own or control a portion of tlie lands which are the 
source of their water supply. Forests on these lands would not only 
assure a purer and more uniform flow of water, but would eventually 
mean an additional source of revenue to the companies. Under 
proper forest management, timber may be removed without notice- 
able injury to the protective covering of the water shed. 

CLASSES OP LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA WHICH SHOULD BE RE- 
FORESTED. 

Practically all types of land in Pennsylvania which should be 
planted to forest trees may be placed in one of the classes described 
below. Much of the land given in this classification is now practic- 
ally barren of commercially valuable species and must be planted to 
make it productive. 




Photo by C. S. Bradford. 

Fig. 1. WASTE AREA. 

Destructive lumbering: followed by forest fires have laid this land waste. It should 
be protected from fires and planted with trees. 




Photo by Geo. U. Wirt. 
Fig. 2. SCRUB OAK BARREN. 

Thousands of acres of this class of land are found in Pennsylvania. The scrub oak 
should be replaced by planting valuable species. 




I'lioto li.v Gio. H. Wirt. 

Fig. 3. AREA OF BRACKEN AND WEEDS. 

Now waste land. It once produced the best of timber. Tliis land should be planted. 




Fig. 4. BRUSH LAND. 

Reproducing nothing of value. The brush was subsequently burne<l and the area 

planted with white pine, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. 



11 

Class I. Areas originally farmed but which have proved unsuit- 
able for agricultural purposes. Land in this class may be found in 
all parts of Pennsylvania, especially on steep slopes. 

Class II. Farm woodlots. It frequently occurs that the woodlot 
contains few species of commercial value, due to improper manage- 
ment or other cause. These woodlots should be underplanted or 
reenforced with valuable species. Practically every farm has its 
woodlot, and many of them are in immediate need of restocking with 
useful species. 

Class III. Second growth hardwood lands. These are producing 
some few trees of value but of inferior quality due to decay following 
injury by fires. Lands of this type are common throughout Pennsyl- 
vania and comprise a considerable part of the mountainous region 
in the central and southwestern portion. Much of this class of land 
should be underplanted with commercially valuable trees. Defec- 
tive trees ought to be removed either before planting, or after the 
planted trees have reached a height of ten to twenty feet. They 
should not be cut at the expense of injury to the planted trees. 

Class IV. Water sheds, particularly the source of water used for 
drinking purposes. Land in this class may also be included in any 
of the other classes. 

Class V. Areas covered with bracken and sweet fern. Land of 
this sort is found throughout the State but more particularly on the 
plateau regions of the north central and northern portions. It fre- 
quently is land which originally produced the best of white pine 
timber, but was left to devastating fires after lumbering and is 
now entirely or in part, devoid of trees. Such land can be planted 
and made to produce lumber as good or even better than that cut 
from the former virgin forest. Considerable areas of this type com- 
prising State Forests have been planted successfully by the Depart- 
ment of Forestry. See Figure 3. 

Class VL Coal and oil lands from which the forests have been 
cut and the surface severely burned. Land of this type is found in 
the central eastern portion of the State, and throughout the western 
part beyond the Allegheny Mountains. 

Class VII. Scrub oak barrens, land which formerly produced 
valuable coniferous and hardwood timber but which was left unpro- 
tected after the timber was cut. Scrub oak, a non-commercial species 
and a prolific sprouter, the roots of which are seldom killed by 
fire, is light demanding and quickly dies out when over-topped. 
Planting this land is difficult and expensive, and the planted trees 
grow slowly. However, when they once shade the scrub oak, it quick- 
ly dies out. This type of land is found in all parts of the State but 
more especially east of the Allegheny Mountains. 



12 

A PLANTATION DEFINED. 

The term plantation, as used in forestry, considers the planting 
of an aggregation of young trees with the idea of forming a forest 
or woods. As used by the Department of Forestry, the term implies 
the contiguous area planted in any one year. In case an immediately 
adjacent area is planted in other years, that planting is regarded as 
a separate plantation. This meaning of the term has been adopted 
simply as an aid in systematizing planting records. A broader use 
of the word would allow the plantings of separate years to be con- 
joined as one plantation. 

A plantation may be made either where no trees exist or where they 
do exist but not in sufficient number to produce the maximum of 
wood volume per unit of area. The latter is termed a '^reenforcement 
of natural growth" and the operation that of "under planting." 

Reenforcing is frequently necessary or advisable in established 
plantations. Not all the trees planted live and if the area planted 
is to be fully stocked, filling in should be done in the fail spots. 

SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF THE PLANTATION. 

The success or failure of a plantation depends on a great many 
factors, most of which may be influenced or controlled by human 
endeavor. Among the more important factors which influence success 
and Which must be carefully considered before planting, are soil, cli- 
mate, and existing growth ; also topography, including altitude, angle 
of slope, and aspect. The species to be j^lanted should be such as are 
adaptable to the site, that is, to the soil, topography, etc. Adverse 
conditions of the planting site require more careful selection of the 
planting stock, both in regard to species and quality of stock, and the 
degree of care in the planting. 

To the layman the various factors influencing success are not ap- 
parent or understood, and persons are cautioned not to engage in ex- 
tensive planting operations Avitliout receiving advice and suggestions 
from a competent authorit\% such as a trained forester. A forester 
should make a very careful examination of the planting site and con- 
sult the owner on the purpose of the planting before designating 
species to plant. Upon his judgment depends largely the success or 
failure of the venture. 

SPECIES TO PLANT. 

Any species of tree which grows naturally in a locality may be 
used, but it is best to choose such species as will produce the most 
valuable wood, depending, of course, on the purpose for which the 
plantation is made. It should be remembered that most of our 
hardwood or broad-leaved trees (oaks, chestnut, maples, etc.) are 
better capable of being reproduced naturally than are the conifers 



13 

or softwood species (pines, spruce, larch, hemlock, etc.). In conse- 
quence, by far the largest proportion of artificial reforesting is done 
with evergreen species. Out of a total of 22,045,311 trees planted on 
Pennsylvania 'State Forests to date, 20,828,775 were conifers. 

Different species require different soil and soil moisture condi- 
tions to produce normal rate of growth and these factors must be 
considered in choosing the species to be planted. Among the more 
valuable trees to plant, and the conditions in which they may be ex- 
pected to succeed best are : 

CONIFERS OR SOFTWOOD TREES.* 

White pine (Pinus Strobus). — Prefers a fertile, moist, well- 
drained soil, but will grow^ well on dry sandy soils and gravelly 
slopes. Common on banks of streams, river flats, in hollows and ra- 
vines, but rarely found in swamps. Any habitat in its natural range 
will be favorable to its development except swamps and ridges ex- 
posed to severe winds. 

Pitch pine (Pinus rigida). — Common on dry burned-over areas, 
sterile plains, gravelly slopes, rocky cliffs, and sometimes found in 
swamps. In the glaciated area it is common on rocky glacial soil. 

Bed pine (Pinus resinosa). — Usually found on dry gravelly ridges, 
mountain tops, and dry sandy plains. Rare on flat lands with wet 
clay soil. 

Short leaf pine (Pinus echinata). — Common on poor, sandy, or 
clayey soil. It is a tree of the plains and foothills. Reaches west 
of the Mississippi. In the east it is usually mixed with hardwoods. 

Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). — This species is indifferent to soil 
requirements, water, heat of summer, and cold of winter. It will 
grow on all classes of soil, even dry, sterile sand. The rate of 
growth depends more on the physical structure than the chemical 
composition of the soil. It prefers deep well drained sandy loam. 
It is very intolerant of shade. 

Norway spruce (Picea Abies). — In Europe it grows in valleys 
and upon the mountain sloi)es. It prefers rather rich moist soils, 
in this respect somewhat resembling the white pine. It cannot 
endure very dry, very sterile, or extremely rich vegetable soil. It 
is rather tolerant of shade and somewhat susceptible to late frosts. 

European larch (Larix decidua).— Not native to America but 
planted here with every indication of success. Thrives on well- 
drained, deep, and moderately fertile and loose soil. Does not thrive 
in wet situations nor in pure sands. It is decidedly intolerant of 
shade. Found chieflv in the Alps and Carpathians up to about 
8,000 feet. 

Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). — This tree is native to the cen- 
tral pai-t of Japan, chiefly at high altitudes upon soil of volcanic 
origin. Makes its best growth in soil rich in lime and in cool to 

•Habitats supplied by Prof. J. S. niick of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. 



14 

cold climates. In warm climates the tree becomes branchy, the wood 
coarse-grained and the growth rings wide. Dr. Mays states that it 
will grow wherever Norway spruce thrives. Grows rapidly in youth. 
Falls behind the European larch about the 20th year. A specimen 
near Munich attained a height of 45 feet and a diameter (I). B. H.) 
of 11 inches in 22 years. The planting of tliis species is still in the 
experimental stage and not to be too highly recommended. 

Bull pine (Pinus ponderosa). — ^Like Scotch and Jack pine, this 
tree is not particular to soil, but will reach good development even 
on arid soils and dry mountain slopes. It is one of the species best 
suited to dry, sandy and gravelly soils. 

Jack pine (Pinus Banksiana). — Like Scotch pine in its habitat. 
Thrives on sandy, sterile soil. 

HARDWOODS, OR BROAD-LEAVED TREES.* 

White oak (Quercus alba). — It is tolerant of many soils, growing 
on sandy plains, gravelly ridges, rich uplands, and moist bottom 
lands. It reaches its best development in rich moist soil. 

Red oak (Quercus rubra). — Prefers porous sandy or gravelly clay 
soil. It will not grow in wet soils and is also intolerant of shade, 
except when young. 

Honey locust (Grieditsia triacantlios). — It develops best in rich 
soil along moist river bottoms but will grow in any fertile soil which 
is not too wet. It demands plenty of light. 

Black locust (Robinia Pseudo- Acacia). — Grows vigorously on moist 
fertile soil, especially on rich bottom lands and along mountain 
streams. Also grows on rather rocky and sterile mountain slopes. 
Frequent on abandoned charcoal hearths and mud-dams found near 
ore mines. 

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum). — It flourishes best on well drained 
rich soil, but will thrive even when the soil is not rich. It is com- 
mon on low ridges at the base of the mountains, and along slopes. 
It reaches its best development in central Nevv' England, New York, 
northern Pennsylvania, and the Lake States. 

Black walnut (Juglans nigra).- — Prefers rich moist soil. Requires 
plenty of light and deep soil since it is evidently tap-rooted. 

Black cherry (Prunus serotina). — Thrives best on rich alluvial soil 
and fertile slopes. It will grow on dry and often rather sterile slopes. 
On account of its long tap-root it requires loose deep soil. 

Tulip poplar (Liriodendron Tulipifera). — It prefers deep, rather 
rich, and moist soil. Common along streams, on islands, upon semi- 
swampy areas, and at the base of mountain slopes. Sometimes 
found on the top of mountains especially where small streams and 
springs are prevalent. Usually occurs as scattered individuals mixed 
with other hardwoods and sometimes white pine and hemlock. Does 
not thrive on limestone soil. Common along mountain streams 
until they enter limestone valleys, then disappears. 

•Habitats by Prof. J. S. Illick of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. 



I) 

White ash (Fraxiniis americana). — ^Prefers fertile, moist soils; 
very common in rich, moist woods and along streams, lakes, and other 
bodies of water. Occasionally found on rather dry hillsides. 

Basswood (Tilia americana). — Earely grows in pure stands, but 
usually mixed with other hardwoods. Prefers rich soils in bottom 
lands. It can endure considerable shade. It suffers little from 
windfall but occasionally from windbreak upon exposed situations. 

Sycamore (Platanus occiden talis ).^ — Prefers moist, fertile soil, but 
will grow in rather dry soil. Best development in the moist valleys 
of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. It may be grown from cuttings 
or from seed. 

Shell-bark history (Carya ovata). — Prefers rich moist soil and 
plenty of light. Common in the valley and in moist hillside woods. 
Also common along streams, and on the border of swamps. 

Pignut hickory (Carya glabra). — Most common on dry ridges and 
hillsides. Barer in swampy situations. Commonly scattered amidst 
our oaks and chestnut. Prefers plenty of sunlight. 

Black birch (Betula lenta). — Usually found in rich soil and on 
dry slopes but also common on rocky mountain slopes and tops. Com- 
mon on the rocky ridges of the South Mountains in Pennsylvania. 

Beech (Fagus grandifolia). — Commonly found on rich moist bottom 
lauds, but also abundaut on gravelly slopes and rich uplands. It 
endures dense shade and variations of temperature. Bare in the 
limestone valleys. 

Cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata). — Uusually found in rich 
woods close to streams, also inhabits slopes. In West Virginia 
and in this State it grows well on the soils of the carboniferous for- 
mation. It is light-demanding. 

PURPOSE OF THE PLANTING. 

It is presupposed that persons desiring to plant trees have a de- 
finite object in mind. It may be water shed protection alone or 
only for aesthetic purposes. More often, however, the intention of 
the owner of the land is to produce wood for one or more of its many 
uses. If the object in mind is water shed protection alone, practically 
any species adapted to the site may be used. If for beautifying the 
landscape, it is usually best to plant a variety of species. But if 
wood production, lumber, etc., is the main object in mind, the species 
used must be such as are both adapted to the site and to the use to 
which the wood is to be put. The following table gives a list of 
species suitable for different uses. The table includes only those 
species which it is herein suggested to plant. 



i(> 



TABLE NO. 1. USES TO WHICH THE VARIOUS WOODS MAY BE PUT. 



General Lumber. 



Practically all species 
which have any com- 
mercial value are used 
in different forms of 
rough or finished lum- 
ber. 



rajjcT Pulp. 



Spruce. 

Pine. 

Larch. 

Yellow poplar. 

Carolina poplar. 

Beech. 

Hemlock. 

Maple. 

Basswood. 

Douglas fir. 

Bull pine. 

Jack pine. 

Sycamore. 



Cooperage Stock. 


Poles and Posts. 


Beech. 


Chestnut. 


Chestnut. 


Honev locust. 


Maple. 


Black locust. 


Birch. 


Red oak. 


Oak. 


Larch. 


Red gum. 




Ash. 




Elm. 




Yellow poplar. 




Basswood. 




Pine. 




Spruce. 




Sycamore. 





Mine Timbers. 



Oaks. 
Chestnut. 
Black locust. 
Honey locust. 
Pitch pine. 
European larch. 
Bull pine.* 
Jack pine.* 



Railroad Ties. 



Hardwood Distillation. 



White oak. 
Red oak. 
Beech. 

Black locust. 
Honey locust. 
Pitch pine. 
European larch. 
Bull pine.* 
Jack pine.* 



Beech. 

Birch. 

Sugar maple. 

Also many other hardwoods. 



*Not durable but sometimes used. 



LIGHT REQUIREMENTS OF TREES. 

Each species of tree lias its particular requirement concerning the 
amount of light necessary to produce the best rate of growth. Certain 
species cannot survive shade and are known as intolerant or light- 
demanding species. Others produce satisfactory results under partial 
shade and are termed tolerant or shade-enduring species. In general, 
all the species which are advised as suitable for reforesting in Penn- 
sylvania are light-demanding species, with the possible exception of 
white pine, Norway spruce, black birch, and beech. These species 
will endure a moderate amount of shade on good soil, particularly 
Norway spruce and beech. 



AGE AND SIZE OF PLANTING STOCK. 

The age and size of plants used depend on the t^'pe of land to be 
planted and the species selected. Such factors as accessibility to the 
planting site, distance from the nursery, and the purpose of the 
planting must also be considered. The rule is, the larger the seed- 
lings, the greater the planting cost. 

Adverse planting conditions require a larger and stronger pilant 
than where conditions are more favorable to success. In order that 
the planting may be done at the lowest possible cost, the smallest 



SEEDLINGS USED IN REFORESTING. 

(Arrows point to root collars) 




Fig. 5. Pitch pine (left) aud Scotch pine 
(right), two years old. 



Fig. 6. Japanese larch 
(right), two 



(left) and white pine 
years old. 




i 

20- 




13- 




'*" ^^ 


in#^Jtoi--iiv 


n- ^^_J^^ 


UHhI' 


lb- mfM 


^^H^El,:^^ 


IS- '-9H 


^^^^Ki 


/f- 'W^ 


^^^^^^~ 


(3- ^^^ 


^^HP^ 


a- "j 


l^^p^ 


" ~ 


H^^ ~ 


|i 


liH^^^f% > 


- '-M 


wml 


4— ,^lm| 


WT^ 1 


3- \W 




2- 









Fig. 7 



Norway 
(right) 



<pruce (left) and white pine 
three years old. 



Fig. 8. A buiich of 50 white pine seedlings, 
two years old, ready for packing and 
shipping . 




Fig. 9. CAKE OF PLANTING STOCK. 

25,000 seedlings "lieeled iu" preparatory to planting 




I'Jiuto lJ.\ Geo. 11. W irt. 

Fig. 10. PREPARATION BEFORE PLANTING. 
This area was cleared of brush, then planted. It is too expensive to be practical. 



17 

seedlings suitable for any particular site should be selected. The 
layman usually desires quick results and in consequence asks for 
large plants. Economically considered, this is poor policy because 
of the increased cost of planting. Also, where too large seedlings are 
used, the chance of obtaining a good percentage of establishment is 
lessened unless unusual care is used in the planting. 

Broad-leaved species may usually be planted when one year old. 
If left more than one year in the nursery, providing proper develop- 
ment is obtained, long tap roots result and require pruning. Even 
one year old broad-leaved species may have to be pruned. This 
increases the cost of the plantation and reduces the chance of ob- 
taining good establishment. One year old broad-leaved species range 
in height from G to 12 inches above the collar, and the roots frequently 
are still longer. In 11)10, a total of 153,010 hardwood seedlings were 
planted on State Forests and of this number only 12,000 were other 
than one year old. These were white ash which had been injured by 
frost while in the nursery and not of sufficient size at one year to 
warrant placing them in permanent plantation. 

Coniferous plants used for reforesting on State Forests vary in 
height from 4 to 12 inches and are two or three years old. By far 
the largest percentage of seedlings used in planting on State Forests 
have been two year olds. In 1916, a total of 5,339,010 conifers were 
planted, and of this number 5,255,420 were Iavo year stock. 

It is seldom advisable to plant other than two year old pitch pine, 
Scotch pine, or European larch. White pine two years old is gen- 
erally large enough. However, if adverse soil, moisture, and shade 
conditions must be overcome, three year stock, particularly white 
pine, had better be used. In this State, experience has demonstrated 
that three year old Norway spruce should be used, for uniformity in 
size is seldom had in the nursery beds and if taken from the nursery 
when two years old, a large percentage of the seedlings will be under- 
sized and too small to plant out. 

Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 are from photographs of seedlings two and 
three years old. Stoclc such as there shown is used for planting by 
the Department of Forestry. The scale given represents size of 
seedlings in inches. Arrows indicate the collar of the plant, which 
is the point marked by the surface of the ground. 

The age of seedlings is reckoned by the number of groviing seasons 
they have passed in the nursery beds. Occasionally seedlings are 
transplanted in the nursery when one or two years old and are known 
as transplants. Their age is given as 1-2 years, 2-1 years, etc. The 
first numeral indicates the number of years in seed beds and the 
second the number of years in transplant beds. A 1-2 transplant 
has passed through three growing seasons in the nursery. 



18 

TIME TO PLANT. 

Reforesting may be done either in spring or fall, preferably spring. 
Experiments with fall planting have been made on State Forests but 
gave unsatisfactory results. It was found that a large proportion of 
the small trees were lifted out of the ground by the following spring. 
The cause of this was freezing and thawing of the ground before the 
roots could properly grip the soil. Planting in the spring should 
be done between the time frost is out of the ground and the time when 
the buds begin to shoot out the new year's growth. The season in 
the southern part of the State begins about the last week in March 
and ends about the last week in April. In the northern part of 
Pennsylvania the planting season is from one to three weeks later, 
depending upon altitude. 

CARE OF PLANTING STOCK. 

Planting stock from State forest nurseries is given careful at- 
tention before being shipped. The small trees are lifted from nur- 
sery beds in such manner as to do the least possible injury to the 
roots. This is particularly true of conifers since their roots are 
more susceptible to permanent injury than those of hardwoods. 
After lifting, they are counted and tied in bunches of 50 or 100, de- 
pending on their size. (See Fig. 8.) The roots of coniferous seed- 
lings are then dipped in a "puddle" of thin mud to prevent drying out. 
The bunches are then packed in boxes in layers, roots toward the cen- 
ter of the box. Wet sphagnum moss is packed around the roots 
to keep them moist while in transit. Tops are not moistened. 

Shipments of 2,000 or less seedlings are sent by parcel post in 
paste board boxes. Large shipments are sent by express either in 
wooden boxes or crates. 

Seedlings should never be left in the shipping boxes any longer 
than necessary, but should be unpacked immediately upon receipt 
and either planted at once or "heeled in" at or near the planting site. 

The number of bundles in the shipment should be counted as re- 
moved from the packing boxes and the number of seedlings counted 
in several bunches. This is to check up the number of seedlings re- 
ceived. 

"Heeling in" is done to prevent the roots from drying out. A 
trench is dug with a spade or plow, deep enough to take care of the 
roots without crowding. The bundles of seedlings are then taken 
from shipping boxes, the string cut, and the seedlings spread out 
along the side of the trench away from the excavated soil with tops 
above the surface of the ground. (See Fig. 9.) The soil is then 
pushed into the trench covering the roots and firmed with the foot. 



19 

It is best to dip the roots iu a "puddle" of thin mud before placing 
them in the trenches, but keep the tops dry. One bundle of seedlings 
should be given about six inches of space in the trench. 

For "heeling in," select a site close to where the plantation is to 
be made, and where water is near at hand. It should be partly or 
wholly under shade but where there is a good circulation of air. The 
soil should be moist but not wet. 



PREPARATION BEFORE PLANTING. 

Little previous preparation of the area to be planted is necessary 
in this State. Occasionally where soil conditions allow, the ground 
is plowed and harrowed. If this can be done at a nominal cost, say 
|5 per acre, the plantation may still result in producing a fair rate 
of interest on the investment. However, such preparation of the area 
is beneficial only to a comparatively small extent. A large percent- 
age of the planted seedlings may be expected to live and produce a 
slightly better rate of growth, but this would only be noticeable for 
a few years after planting. As a rule, it is not advisable. 

In other cases, as on, scrub oak barrens, all or part of the existing 
growth is removed and burned. Such clearing of land has been ex- 
perimented with on State Forests to an extent sufficient to warrant 
advising against it. (See Figs. 4 and 10). First, the cost of clear- 
ing is very high, reaching as much as |.50 per acre. This, in itself, 
makes clearing of the area prohibitive if the plantation is to be- 
come financially profitable. Second, it has been found that sprouts 
from the stumps grow much faster than the planted trees and pro- 
duce a much denser growth than before clearing. In consequence, 
the planted trees suffer from lack of sunlight and frequently die. 



SPACING. 

Various spacing distances for planting are in common use in this 
State. In most cases an attempt is made to space the seedlings at 
regular intervals in the rows and the rows are then spaced the same 
distance apart. This is not always possible, especially in "under- 
planting," for existing growth prevents regularity. When cleared 
ground is to be planted, straight rows and regular spacing can be fol- 
lowed. 

The number of seedlings required per acre for different spacing 
distances is shown in the following table. 



TABLE NO. 2. NUMBER OF SEEDLINGS PER ACRE WITH DIFFERENT 

SPACING DISTANCES. 





Spacing. 


Number 
per Acre. 


3 ft. X .3 ft •. 


4,840 


i ft. X 4 ft 


2,722 


5 ft. X 5 ft 


1,742 


6 ft. X 6 ft 


1,210 









Close spacing of trees in plantation is practiced in order that the 
crowns of the trees may form a closed canopy over the ground in a 
minimum number of years. The aim is to shade out and kill the 
lower branches, causing natural pruning to take place. This results 
in producing lumber comparatively free of knots, also forces height 
growth of the tree with a minimum amount of taper. Either 4 ft. x 
4 ft. or 5 ft. X 5 ft. spacing is recommended for Pennsylvania condi- 
tions. 

MIXTURE OF SPECIES. 

Plantations may be made pure, that is, using one species only, 
or in mixture, using two or more species in the same plantation. 
Several different methods of mixing are followed, viz.: 

Group mixtures. 
Alternating by rows. 
Alternating in the rows. 

By the groui> mixture is meant the i)lanting of different species 
in pure groups, the groups being adjacent to one another, as illus- 
trated by Fig. 1, Plate I. 

The method of alternating by rows is illustrated by Fig. 2, Plate I, 
showing how it may be done when either two or three species are 
mixed. Fig. 3, Plate I, shows two methods of mixing by alternat- 
ing in the rows. Innumerable other combinations of mixtures are 
possible but more or less impracticable. The more complicated the 
mixture, the greater the cost of planting. 

Man}^ factors govern the advisability of planting in mixture. Three 
of tlie most important to be considered are: 

1. Kind of soil and amount of soil moisture. 

2. Light requirements of the species. 

3. Rate of growth of the species. 

A slow growing intolerant species should not be planted in mixture 
by the last two described methods, alternate rows or alternating in 
the rows. But a slow-growing tolerant species may be i>laced with an 
intolerant one i)roviding botli species are adapted to soil and other con- 
ditions of the site to be planted. For instance, white pine and Norway 



PLATE I 
AETH0P3 or MIXING SPECIES IN PLANTATIONS. 



O O O © O O O O O O O -i- '^2- 4 -f -4- 4- 4 4' 4 4- 
OOOOOOOOO 004'4- + 4-4-4-4--l--r4' 



fi^.l GROUP /FIXTURE. 



® o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


® 




9 


+ 


o 


® 


+ 


o 


• 


+ O 


@ o 


© 


o 


e 


o 


® 


o 


® 




® 


+ 


o 


e 


-h 


o 


• 


+ O 


© o 


© 


o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


@ 




• 


+ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


9 


+ o 


@ o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


® 




® 


+ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


9 


+ o 


© o 


© 


o 


@ 


o 


@ 


o 


© 




® 


+ 


o 


© 


+ 


o 


9 


+ o 


@ o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


@ 


o 


• 




® 


4- 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


9 


4 O 


© o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


© 


o 


® 




© 


+ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


© 


+ O 



Fi^.Z. ALTERNATING BT ROWS. 



Using two species. U^in^ three species. 

Fi^.a ALTERNATING IN THE ROW. 



• 


o 


® 


o 


® 


o 


© 


o 


9 




9 


+ 


o 


® 


-»■ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


o 


• 


o 


© 


o 


® 


o 


9 


Q 




+ 


o 


• 


+ 


o 


• 


+ 


o 


9 


9 


o 


© 


o 


9 


o 


9 


O 


® 




O 


• 


+ 





• 


+ 


O 


© 


+ 


O 


® 


o 


9 


o 


® 


O 


9 


O 




• 


+ 


o 


• 


4 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


• 


Q 


@ 


o 


® 


o 


9 


O 


® 




+ 


o 


• 


+ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


9 


o 


9 


o 


© 


o 


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O 


9 


o 




o 


• 


+ 


o 


• 


+ 


O 


• 


+ 


® 


O 


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o 


® 


o 


® 


O 


9 




® 


+ 


o 


9 


+ 


o 


• 


+ 


O 



5ymbols represent <ii(ftrent species. 



PLANTING CREWS AT WORK. 




I'lioto by li. G. Conklin. 
Fig. 15. Planting ou land cleared of brush. 




I'lioto by K. U. Conklin 



Fig. 16. Planting in brush. 



21 

spruce may be mixed witli practically all of the species herein ad- 
vised to plant. Where any particular species is subject to injury or 
destruction by insects or fungous diseases, it is well to plant such 
species in mixture with other species not liable to attack by that 
particular insect or fungus. For example, the white pine weevil is 
doing considerable damage in this State to white pine. In conse- 
quence, it is not advisable to plant white pine in pure stands, but it 
may be mixed with any of the species herein advised to plant. 

METHOD OF PLANTING. 

Digging the Hole. — The method of planting adaptable to 
Pennsylvania conditions is to plant the trees in holes dug with 
a mattock or grubbing hoe. The method of digging the holes most 
commonly followed is shown by Figs. 11 and 12. The digging end of 
of the mattock only is required. One stroke is usually sufficient 
to loosen the soil, and one or more additional strokes to draw the 
loosened soil from the hole, leaving it in a mound at the edge. Where 
planting is to be done in heavy sod, two parallel cuts, six or eight 
inches long and about four inches apart, should be made with the 
cutting end of the mattock. A third stroke with the digging end 
of the mattock turns back the sod. 

Setting the Seedling. — The tree to be planted is held be- 
tween the thumb and finger of the left hand at the root collar (See 
Figs. 5, 6 and 7), and lowered into the hole until the root collar is 
level with the ground, the roots resting against the side of the hole. 
The dirt is then drawn back into the hole with the right hand and 
firmed about the roots either with a planting mallet or stone, or 
with the foot. (See Figs. 13 and 14.) The following rules should 
be observed generally in setting the plant. 

1. See that the root collar comes about level with the ground. 

2. Spread out the roots, putting them as nearly as possible m the 
position they originally had in the nursery. 

3. See that the roots are pointing downward, not bent upward. 

4. Have the stem of the plant as nearly erect as possible. 

5. See that soil and not vegetable matter (grass, dead leaves, 
etc.) comes into contact with the roots. 

6. Try to bring moist soil into contact with the roots. 

7. Firm the soil well around the roots so that the plant cannot 
easily be pulled out. 

8. Keep the roots moist until planted. 

The Planting Crew. — The number of men required in the 
planting crew depends upon the extent of the planting. Experienced 
men on different classes of land will plant anywhere from 500 to 1,000 
seedlings in a day. The better the planting conditions, the greater 
the number which may be planted per man per day. One man can 



22 

plant about as fast as another can dig the holes (See Figs. 15 and 16). 
In consequence the crew is made up of about the same number each 
of mattock men and planters. As a rule, two experienced men 
should be provided for each 10,000 seedlings to be planted. If 100,- 
000 seedlings are to be planted, the crew should include ten mattock 
men and ten planters. 

In addition to the mattock men and planters, an additional man 
or boy is sometimes provided for each five planters. It is his duty to 
carry the seedlings to the planters and to drop one in each hole. The 
plants are usually carried in buckets partly filled with thin mud, 
called "puddle." If there are ten planters, two "droppers" or plant 
distributors should be provided. One foreman to every twenty men 
should be charged with the duty of seeing that the seedlings are prop- 
erly planted. 

COST OP PLANTING. 

Planting costs vary widely with the many different soil and growth 
conditions encountered. Where abandoned farm lands are to be 
planted, the ground may be plowed and harrowed, making planting 
easy and usually cheaper. Of course, this preparation of the soil, 
plowing and harrowing, is an item of expense against the planting, 
but even with this included, the cost should be less than when plant- 
ing is done where the soil is stony, or where the existing growth is 
scrub oak, etc. 

On Pennsylvania State Forests planting has been done under con- 
ditions many and varied, and usually more or less adverse. In all 
costs herein given for State forest planting, supervision charges are 
included. The cost of planting per thousand seedlings has varied 
widely for the different Forests in different years. The first planting 
on 'State Forests was done in 1899. Since that time to the end of the 
year 1915, a total of 16,553,291 seedlings were planted at a cost of 
$52,919.25, making an average of |3.20 per thousand for planting. 
For 1915 alone, the average cost was |2.95 per thousand. In that 
year a total of 4,349,386 seedlings were planted, so this average cost 
per thousand is a very fair one. The lowest cost was obtained on 
the Pine Grove Forest where girls and boys were used, the average 
for planting 141,500 seedlings being |1.28 per M. This was un- 
usually low and is not a fair criterion of cost. Where small planta- 
tions, say of only a few thousand seedlings, are made, the cost will 
run higher than for large ones. 

The cost of planting per acre depends also on the spacing which 
regulates the number of seedlings required per acre. As a rule, 
either 4 ft. x 4 ft. or 5 ft. x 5 ft. spacing is recommended. AVhere 4 ft. 
X 4 ft. spacing is used, 2,722 seedlings are required and the planting 
cost per acre would be about |8.00. If 5 ft. x 5 ft. spacing is foi- 



23 

lowed, lj740 seedlings are used and the cost would average about 
J7.00. But it should not be overlooked that to produce lumber free 
of knots close planting of the seedlings is required. 

The cost of planting, of couriae, is a factor reg-ulating the financial 
returns from the investment and to gain the best possible rate of in- 
terest on the investment requires the lowest possible cost for making 
the plantation. However, careful planting must not be sacrificed 
to keep down the cost a dollar or two per acre. The success of the 
plantation depends largely on the care given the seedlings before 
planting and that with which the seedlings are planted. 

RATE OP GROWTH. 

The rate of growth of planted trees varies widely for different 
species on different soils and on the different classes of land. Slow 
growth may be expected on poor soils. However, soils considered too 
poor for agriculture may be good for wood production. Even though 
the soil be regarded good for forest trees, if the growth present before 
planting is bracken or scrub oak, slow growth may be expected until 
the i)lanted trees are able to overtop the weed species and thus get 
the advantage of more sunlight (see Fig. 17). On the other hand, 
on the more open sites, as abandoned farm lands usually are, rapid 
growth may be expected. 

The rate of growth of a number of different species of trees planted 
on various sites is shown by Tables Nos. 3 to 8 inclusive. These 
tables were prepared from measurements taken in plantations during 
the fall of 1916 on Pennsylvania State Forests and on the Jacob 
Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pa. Average heights are based on 
measurements of from 100 to 500 trees. 

At the head of each column of heights is given a very brief descrip- 
tion of the site planted and the age of the planting stock. The 
''Age of Trees from Seed," given in the first column, is the number 
of growing seasons through which the trees have passed, including 
years in the nursery. 

The reason for presenting these tables is to give the laj^man an idea 
of the rate of growth which he may expect for his plantations. On 
very favorable sites, a more rapid rate of growth may be counted on 
than given in the tables. A slower growth rate may be obtained 
where the plantation is made under more adverse conditions. It will 
be noted that very slow growth is usually had in plantations the first 
three to five years after planting, the trees requiring time to adapt 
themselves to changed conditions. Frequently no appreciable growth 
whatever is made during the first year or two. When they once be- 
come established and overtop brush and weeds, rapid growth, that 
is, a foot or more a year, may be expected. 



24 



TABLE NO. 3. HEIGHT GROWTH OF WHITE PINE (P. STROBUS) 
FOUR DIFFERENT PLANTATIONS. 



IN 









Description of 


the Plantations. 








Mont Alto State 


Caledonia State 


Greenwood State 


Jacks Mountain 






Forest. 


Forest. 


Forest. 


State Forest. 






Soil— Sandy loam. 


Soil— shale and 


Soil— rich sandy 


Soil — dry, very 






Area originally 


loam. 


loam, heavy 


sandy. 






cultivated. 


Area originally 


sod. 


Brush land, se- 




Trees from 


Altitude 1600' ft. 


cultivated. 


Area originally 


verely burned. 


Seed 


(Years). 


Aspect— S. E. 


Aspect— Western. 


cultivated. 


Altitude 1,500 ft. 






2 yr. seedlings 


2 yr. seedlings 


Altitude 1,000 ft. 


Aspect — North- 






planted in 1902, 


planted in 1906, 


Aspect — South- 


ern. 






spaced 4'x i'. 


spaced 4'x 4'. 


ern. 
2 yr. seedlings 
planted in 1909, 


2 yr. seedlings 

planted in 1909, 

spaced 4'x 4'. 










spaced 4'x 4'. 







Average Heights at End of Year 


s Growth 


(feet). 




3 


.4 








.2 


4 


.6 




i.i 




.4 


5 


1.2 




1.2 




.6 


6 


1.9 




1,5 




.9 


7 


2.8 


2.2 


2.1 




1.0 


g 


4.0 


3.6 


2.8 




1.3 


9 


5.3 


5.3 


3.7 




1.5 


10 


6.6 


6.7 


5.1 




1.8 


11 


7.& 


8.0 








12 


8.8 


9.6 








13 


10.1 


11.8' 








14 


11.3 










15 


12.3 










16 


13.5 










17 


14. 9t 











{Average diameter, 41 ft. above ground, in 1916, was 2.4 inches. 
*Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, in 1916, was 1.9 inches. 



See Figs. 22, 23, 24 and 25. 



TABLE NO. 4 HEIGHT GROWTH OP SCOTCH PINE (P. SYLVESTRIS) IN 
FOUR DIFFERENT PLANTATIONS. 



Age of Trees from 
Seed (Years). 



Description of the Plantations. 



Mont Alto State 

Forest. 

Soil — sandy loam. 
Area originally 

cultivated. 
Altitude 90O ft. 
Aspect— S. E, 
2 vr. seedlings 

planted in 1909, 

spaced 4'x 4'. 



Stone State For- 
est. 

Soil — shallow 
loam. 

Area grown up 
with sod and 
brush. 

Altitude 1,200' ft. 

Aspect — N. W. 

2 yr. seedlings 

planted in 1909, 
spaced 5'x 5'. 



Pennypacker 
State Forest. 

Soil — blue and 
red shale. 

Area originally 
cultivated. 

Altitude— 1,050 ft. 

Aspect— S. E. 

2 yr. seedlings 
planted in 1909, 
spaced 4'x 4'. 



Jacks Mountain 
State Forest. 

Soil — dry, very 
sandy. 

Brush land, se- 
verely burned. 

Altitude 1,500 ft. 

Aspect — North- 
ern. 

2 yr. seedlings 
panted in 1909, 
spaced 4'x 4'. 





Average 


Heights at 


End of Year's Growth 


(feet). 




.7 






,6 








.5 


1,0 






1,0 




1.4 




.7 


1,6 






1,7 




2,0 




1.2 


2,7 






2,7 




3,0 




1,5 


4,1 






3,7 




4.4 




1.8 


6,1 






4.9 




5,8 




2.1 


8,3 






6.4 




7.8 




2,6 


10.9 






7.8 




10.3 




3,1 



25 



TABLE NO. 5. HEIGHT GROWTH OF PITCH PINE, BULL PINE, AND 
JACK PINE IN PLANTATIONS. 







Description of 


the Plantations. 






Pitch Pine ( P. 


Bull Pine (P. ponderosa). 


Jack Pine (P. 




rigida). 






Banksiana). 




White Deer State 


Mont Alto State 


Jacob, Nolde Es- 


Jacob Nolde Es- 




Forest. 


Forest. 


tate, Reading, 


tate, Reading, 




Soil— sandy. 


Soil— sandy. 


Pa. 


Pa. 




Scrub oak area. 


Area originally 


Soil— sandy loam. 


Soil— sandy loam. 




Altitude 2,000 ft. 


cultivated. 


Area originally 


Area originally 


Age of Trees from 


Practically level. 


Altitude 950 ft. 


cultivated. 


cultivated. 


Seed (Years). 


2 yr. .seedlings 


Aspect— S. E. 


Altitude SOO ft. 


Altitude SOO ft. 




planted in 1913, 


2 yr. seedlings 


Practically level. 


Aspect— S. W. 




spaced 5'x 5'. 


planted in 1908, 


2 yr. seedliugs 


2 yr. seedlings 






spaced 5'x 5'. 


planted in 1911, 
spaced 3i'x 4'. 


planted in 1910, 
spaced 3'.\ 4'. 





Average Heights at 


End of Year's Growth 


(feet). 




.6 














.9 




.4 




.4 






1.5 




.7 




.7 






2.0 




1.1 




1.3 






2.4 




1.3 
1.8 
2.4 
3.0 

3.8 
4.5 
5.5 




2.1 

3.0 
4.3 
5.7* 




5.8 
8.0 
10. 4t 



*See Fig. 28. 

{Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, was, in 1916, 1.3 inches. 



See Fig. 27. 



TABLE NO. 6. 



HEIGHT GROWTH OF EUROPEAN LARCH AND JAP- 
ANESE LARCH IN PLANTATIONS. 







Description of 


tlie Plantations. 












Japanese Larch 




European Larch (Lari.x decidua). 


(Larix lepto- 










lepis). 




Mont Alto State 


Stone State For- 


Austin State For- 


Jacob Nolde Es- 




Forest. 


est. 


est. 


tate, Reading, 


Age of Trees from 


Soil — moist. 


Soil— dry, sandy 


Soil— red shale. 


Pa. 


Seed (Years). 


sandy loam. 


loam. 


Brush land clear- 


Soil— deep sandy 




Area originally 


Area grown up 


ed previous to 


loam. 




cultivated. 


with brush and 


planting. 


Area cleared of 




Altitude 90O ft. 


sod. 


Altitude 1,300 ft. 


brush previous 




Aspect-S. E. 


Altitude 1,100 ft. 


Aspect-S. W. 


to planting. 




2 yr. seedlings 


3 yr. seedlings 


2 yr. seedlings 


Altitude 700 ft. 




planted in 1909, 


planted in 1910, 


planted in 1910, 


Aspect— N. E. 




spaced 4'x 4'. 


spaced 4'x 4'. 


spaced 4'x 4'. 


2 yr.. seedlings 
planted in 1909, 
spaced 3i'x 4'. 







Average 


Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 




3 


.5 














4 


.7 






1.0 


1.4 






S 


l.S 






1.7 


1.7 






6 


2.0 






2 7 


1.9 








2.8 






3.8 


2.1 






8 


4.9 






6.7 


3.0 






9 


7.1 






8.2 


4.6 






10 


9.6 






10.4 


6.3 




16.9* 



♦Average diameter, 4J ft. above ground, was, iu 1916, 1.6 inches. 



TABLE NO. 7. 



2G 

HEIGHT GROWTH OP NORWAY SPRUCE AND DOUGLAS 
FIR IN PLANTATIONS. 







Description of 


the Plantations. 










1 


Douglass Fir 




Norway Spruce (Picea Abies). 1 


(Pseudotsuga 










taxifolia). 




Austin State For- 


Stone State For- 


Jacob Nolde Es- 


Jacob Nolde Es- 


Age of Trees from 


est. 


est. 


tate, Reading, 


tate, Reading, 


Seed (Years). 


Soil— red shale. 


Soil— sandy loam. 


Pa. 






Site originally 


Brush land. 


Soil— sandy loam. 


Soil— sandy loam. 




farmed. Cul- 


Altitude 1,130 ft. 


Brush land, clear- 


Area originally 




tivated. 


Aspect — North- 


ed before plant- 


cultivated. 




Altitude 1,300 ft. 


ern. 


ing. 


Altitude 750 ft. 




Aspect— S. E. 


3 yr. seedlings 


Altitude 70O ft. 


Aspect— N. E. 




3 yr. seedlings 


planted in 1910, 


Aspect— Eastern. 


Trees 7 years old 




planted in 1910, 


spaced 5'x 5'. 


4 yr. trans- 


transplanted in 




spaced 4'x 4'. 




plants planted 
in 1909, spaced 
3^x4'. 


1915, spaced 
5'x 5'. 



Average Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 









.7 


.3 






.8 


.3 






.9 


.3 


1.3 


1.1 


1.3 


.4 


1.7 


1.3 


2.0 


.7 


2.0 


1.7 


3.0 


1.0 


2.4 


2.2 


3.2 - 


1.3 


2.9 


2.9 


3.7* 


2.6 


3.7 


3.9 
4.9 








5.9t 





tSee Fig. 30. 
•See Fig. 29. 



TABLE NO. 8. HEIGHT GROWTH OF WHITE ASH, BLACK WALNUT, 
AND BLACK CHERRY IN PLANTATIONS. 



Description of the Plantations. 



Age of Trees from 
Seed (Years). 



White Xsh (Fraxinus americana). 



Stone State For- 
est. 

Soil — heavy sandy 
loam. 

Area originally 
cultivated. 

Altitude 1,140 ft. 

Aspect — Eastern. 

2 vr.. seedlings 
planted in 1909, 
spaced 5'x 5'. 



Mont Alto State 

Forest. 
Soil — sandy loam 
Area originally 

cultivated. 
Altitude 1,000 ft. 
Aspect — Eastern. 
1 yr. seedlings 

planted in 1905. 

spaced 4'x 4'. 



Black Walnut 
(Juglans nigra). 



Mont Alto State 

Forest. 
Soil — sandy loam. 
Area originally 

cultivated. 
Altitude 950 ft. 
Aspect — Eastern. 
1 yr. seedlings 

planted in 1907, 

spaced 5'x 5'. 



Black Cherry 
(Prunus serotina). 



Stone State For- 
est. 

Soil — dry shallow 
sandy loam. 

Area covered 
with brush and 
sod. 

Altitude— 1,140 ft. 

Aspect — Western. 
1 yr. seedlings 
planted in 1910, 
spaced 4'x 4'. 



Average Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 




♦Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, was, in 1916, 1.5 inches. 






:?c^ 


l-Ul 


03 O 


5^ 


<-^o o 


:z: 




'T3 


^i 


M'^ 




^H 


1'- 


|3 


-^y. 


HH 


VI 


WH 




t— 1 


■a'tf 


2 


i-S 03 




C 1 


w 


tf 


w 


p 


^ 


rl- 


c 


Qiij 


V\ 


^ -». 


M 


7i^ 


^ 





■.i^i'VJtmm^ : mfm:' 



a ^ 






H 


hi 


tr 


r^ 




^ 


1 


5^ 




H 


CO 


> 


P 


H 



g :^ 






.'JSa&^m0^'^'^'-^:^ ■' ^' ^ 






„...^,i/ r-^^-c;..;" ■•■: ^^t7.' 



^t^.o 









■•;r .. r:rA;^i^ 


mm 


w;^*:- 


.-'■"■mr;' 


'Z^I^Z^ -: 


'y^f'- - ^ '■ 


■ :.,:■ 






■ /tV:>^ 


1^ 


p^^S' " 


—^^==^.. 


:?.|m*^^3r^ 


. 




.. «;--■/ ■.. . < . ':^ ■ 


*,.- ■ ■ -v- 






-— -— 


--,—-■ 



WHITE PINE PLANTATION MADE IN 1902. MONAGHAN FIELD, MONT 

ALTO STATE FOREST. 




li'lioto by t. X. Di-iulih;ir. 



Fig. 22. This picture was taken two years after planting, the trees being four years 
old from seed. Average height was seven inches. 




Plioto b.v Dr. .1. T. Rothrock. 

Fig. 23. This picture shows the plantation six years after planting. The trees 
were eight years old. Average height four feet. 



WHITE PINE PLANTATION. MONAGHAN FIELD, MONT AI.TO STATE 

FOREST. 




I'lioto by Geo. H. Wirt. 



Fig 24 When this picture was taken tlie trees had been planted nine years and 
were eleven years old. Average height 7.6 feet. 




Photo by J. S. lUick. 



Fiff 25 This Dicture was taken in the fall of 1916 when the trees were seventeen 
years old VeaveragVheight of the trees was 14.9 feet and the average diameter. 
4^ feet above ground, was 2.4 inches. 




I'lioto hy J. K. JIcNeal. 

Fig. 26. PLANTATION OF SCOTCH PlNl]. 

Trees nine years old from seed. Average height nine feet. Average diameter 1.2 

inches. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pennsylvania. 




Photo by J. E. McNeal. 

Fig. 27. PLANTATION OF JACK PINE. 

Trees nine years old. Average height 10.4 feet. Average diameter 1.3 inches. 
Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pennsylvania. 




I'lioto by J. E. McNeal. 



Fig. 28. PLANTATION OF BULL PINE. 

Trees eight years old. Average heiglit 5.7 feet. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks 

County, Pennsylvania. 




Plioto by .1. E. McNeal. 

Fig. 29. PLANTATION OF DOUGLAS FIK. 
Trees nine years old. Average height 3.7 feet. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania . 



27 

PROTECTION OP THE PLANTATION. 
The success or failure of the plantation is directly dependent on 
various external dangers which may injure the trees or destroy them 
entirely, either as a whole, or in part. Among the factors of danger 
most to be guarded against are: 

Fire — First and foremost. 

Grazing. 

Gnawing animals. 

Insects. 

Fungi. 

Fire. — No reforestation project should be undertaken unless the 
planting site be so protected that danger of fire is minimized. One 
fire running over the surface of the ground, feeding on leaf litter and 
other inflammable debris, means almost certain destruction of the 
planted trees. The absolute necessity of providing an adequate sys- 
tem of protection from fire cannot be too strongly brought to the at- 
tention of the planter. Space here does not warrant going into de- 
tails of protective measures. They are too voluminous, and, too, 
each site has its own particular protective necessities. Such informa- 
tion may be obtained by addressing the Bureau of Forest Protection, 
Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa. 

Grazing. — Grazing of cattle over land planted to forejst trees 
should not be permitted, at least not until the trees have reached a 
height of fifteen to twenty feet. In young plantations, cattle may 
either eat or trample down the small trees, resulting in the destruc- 
tion of all or part of the plantation. 

Gnawing Animals. — Hardwood plantations in this State have 
occasionally been damaged by rabbits and mice gnawing the bark and 
frequently girdling the small tree. Such damages are usually preva- 
lent during severe winters when snow makes other food difficult of ac- 
cess. In coniferous plantations little damage has been reported from 
this cause. 

Insects. — Numerous insects do more or less damage in planta- 
tions of all species, both young and old, some attacking the foliage, 
while others work in the bark or wood of the stems. The work of 
certain insects results in death to the tree while others do only 
temporary injury. Special attention is called to the destructive rav- 
ages of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) which has been the 
greatest source of insect damage in white pine plantations in Pennsyl- 
vania. This insect works particularly on young white pines, although 
its activities are not confined to them alone. It is quite common on 
old trees and has been found in several State forest plantations of 
Scotch pine and to a more limited extent on Norw^ay spruce. 



28 

The adult beetle is about I inch in length, of a reddish brown color, 
and somewhat mottled with white. The female beetle deposits her 
eggs in the bark, usually of the terminal shoots, in the spring. The 
eggs develop into grubs during the month of June. The grubs eat 
their way obliquely toward the center of the shoot and downward into 
the pith for a half inch or so. A great many eggs are usually de- 
posited in each shoot and the numerous grubs resulting completely 
destroy the shoot. Frequently they destroy lateral branches also and 
sometimes are found in preceding years' growths. 

Trees attacked by the weevil cannot easily be detected until after 
the first few weeks in July, when the shoots begin to wilt and turn 
brown. Examination of the shoots, by making longitudinal cuts 
in the shoot, will reveal the plump white grub. White pine and 
Scotch pine plantations, particularly, should be carefully searched 
for signs of the weevil about the middle of July and August. All 
shoots turning, or turned brown, should be cut close to the last whorl 
of branches and burned. Grubs and partly matured beetles in the 
shoots are thereby destroyed and their spread checked. Many birds 
are natural enemies of insects, destroying great numbers of them. 
Protect the birds and they will help protect the trees. 

Fungi. — Various fungous diseases are found on certain species of 
trees which it has been suggested to plant. Some do only temporary 
damage while others cause speedy death to the attacked tree. No 
attempt will be made to enter into a discussion of the many possible 
fungous diseases. However, attention of all persons interested in 
the planting of white pine is called to the white pine blister rust, a 
fungus which has been brought from Europe on imported nursery 
stock. Its spread in this country endangers our white pine, and it 
has been reported in several parts of Pennsylvania but only as iso- 
lated infections. A close watch should be kept for this disease to 
prevent its spread. 

This fungus has two hosts, the five needled pines and wild and cul- 
tivated currants and gooseberries, upon which it completes its life 
cycle. On pines, its appearance may be detected by the presence of 
irregular swellings of the bark. In the spring, from the latter part of 
April to the middle of June, fruiting bodies appear on these swellings- 
Whitish blisters, about ^ to :^ of an inch across, first appear, which 
change to orange color in a few days. By the middle of June, the 
orange colored postules, which are spores, each one capable of pro- 
ducing the disease, disappear, leaving small rounded hollows on the 
infected part of the tree. These spores do not infect pines, but at- 
tack leaves of currants and gooseberries. Young pines attacked by 
the blister rust are almost invariably killed, either the first or second 
year. Old trees may have branches only infected, but usually the in- 
fection spreads, finally killing the tree. 



29 

The spread of this fungus is impossible unless there are currants 
and gooseberries upon which it can pass a part of its life cycle. There- 
fore to check its spread, all currants and gooseberries in the vicinity 
of the plantation of white pines should be destroyed. 

A very complete description of the white pine blister rust is given 
in Farmers' Bulletin No. 742, U. S. Department of Agriculture. If 
the presence of the disease is suspected in any part of Pennsylvania, 
notify the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa. 

All persons interested in reforestation in Pennsylvania who find 
destructive agencies, such as insects or fungous diseases, working in 
trees, are requested to bring the matter to tlie attention of the Com- 
missioner of Forestry. A description of the character and extent of 
the damage being done should be given. Where possible, a specimen 
of the infected part of the tree should accompany this information. 



PART II. 



WHERE AND HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 

Small trees for forest planting may be obtained from the Pennsyl- 
vania Department of Forestry. Five large nurseries for the pro- 
duction of forest tree seedlings and transplants are maintained by 
the Department. In addition, twentv- of the 'State Forests have small 
nurseries. Trees from these nurseries, over and above what is needed 
for State forest planting, are furnished to individuals free of charge 
for private planting in Pennsylvania. This is provided for by an 
Act of the legislature approved April 21, 1915, as follows: 

AN ACT 

Authorizing the Department of Forestry to grow and distribute 
young forest trees, and restricting tbeir use after distribution. 

Section I. Be it enacted, &c., That the Department of Forestry 
is hereby authorized to grow young forest trees, and to distribute 
them to those desiring to plant them, in such quantity and under 
such regulations as may be prescribed by the Department, when the 
available stock in the forest nurseries shall be in excess of that 
required by the Department for forest planting. No charge shall be 
made for the trees so distributed, but the cost of boxing and ship- 
ping shall be paid by the applicant. The applicant must enter into 
an agreement with the Department to plant the young trees under 
such conditions or regrdations as may be made hj the Department, 



30 

and to protect and care for them when planted. The Department 
may render such assistance and instruction in the planting of the 
trees as it may deem necessary to secure their proper planting. 

Section 2. That all such young forest trees, which shall be dis- 
tributed as aforesaid, shall not be subject to sale in the hands of the 
applicant, but shall be properly planted, in accordance with the 
agreement entered into with the Department. 

Section 3. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with or 
supplied by this act are repealed. 

Approved— The 21st day of April, A. D. 1915. 

MARTIN G. BRUMBAUGH. 

The annual production from State owned nurseries is 6,000,000 to 
8,000,000 seedlings and transplants. In 1916, a total of 6,946,295 were 
removed from State nurseries, of which 1,454,275 were given to indivi- 
duals in the State. 

The stock grown in these nurseries is not suitable for purely or- 
namental planting, and applications for trees for this purpose will 
not be granted. They are grown for, and are to be used only for af- 
forestation, and this only within the State. 

HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 

Forest tree seedlings and transplants can be furnished from any 
one of the State owned nurseries. 

Persons who own waste land in Pennsylvania and who desire 
to reforest it, should report to the Department of Forestry at Harris- 
burg, or to the nearest State Forester named below. 

James E. McNeal, Distict Forester, No. 616 Washington St., Read- 
ing, Berks county. Mr. McNeal's district includes Berks, southern 
Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, and Schuylkill counties. 

R. Lynn Emerick, District Forester, Coudersport, Potter county. 
Mr. Emerick's district includes Potter and McKean counties. 

Walter D. Ludwig, District Forester, care of Chamber of Commerce, 
Johnstown, Cambria county. Mr. Ludwig's territory includes Cam- 
bria, Blair, and Indiana counties. 

Wm. F. Dague, District Forester, Clearfield, Clearfield county. 
Mr. Dague has charge of Clearfield county interests. 

John L. Strobeck, District Forester, Analomink R. F. D., Monroe 
county. Mr. Strobeck's territory includes Monroe, northern Carbon, 
and parts of Lackawanna and Wayne counties. 

John E. Avery, Notch, Pike county. 

L. G. Barnes, Box 33, Centre Hall, Centre county. 

W. J. Bartschat, Troxelville, Snyder county. 

Ohas. E. Baer, Elimsport, Lycoming county. 

John A. Bastian, Loyalsock, Lycoming county. 

V. M. Bearer, Ligonier, Westmoreland county. 



CLEARFIELD STATE FOREST NURSERY. 




Fig. 31. These beds contain thousands of seedlings. European larch, two years old. 




Fig. 32. Pitch pine, two years old. To be removed from tlie beds m the spring 
and planted in their final location. 



31 

Tom O. Bietsch, McAlevysfort R. F. D. No. 1, Huntingdon county. 

Joe R. Blouse, Glen Union, Clinton county. 

A. W. Bodine, Mount Union R. P. D., Huntingdon county. 

H. E. Bryner, New German town, Perry county. 

Wm. L. Byers, Rainsburg, Bedford county. 

Robert G. Conklin, Fayetteville, Franklin county. 

H. F. Critchley, North Bend, Clinton county. 

F. H. Dutlinger, Westport, Clinton county. 

Harry E. Elliott, Sinuamahoning, Cameron county. 

W. B. Evans, 'Sizerville, Cameron county. 

P. Hartman Fox, Austin, Potter county. 

Thos. H. Golden, Crossfork, Potter county. 

Thos. C. Harbeson, Lloyd, Tioga county. 

J. R. Hogentogler, Loganton R. F. D. No. 2, Clinton county. 

W. H. Horning, Kartbaus, Clearfield county. 

J. S. Tllick, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 

John W. Keller, Boalsburg, Centre county. 

Carl L. Kirk, Penfield, Clearfield county. 

Chas. R. Meek, Coburu, Centre county. 

Homer S. Metzger, Loganton R. F. D. No. 1, Clinton county. 

W. E. Montgomery, Spring Mills R. F. D. No. 1, Centre county. 

Howard H. Morgan, Slate Run, Lycoming county. 

T. Roy Morton, Petersbiirg, Huntingdon county. 

Marvin H. Moyer, Slate Run, Lycoming county. 

Paul H. Mulford, Asaph, Tioga county. 

Max E. Mtiller, Hammersleyfork, Clinton county. 

Robert R. Neefe, Waterville, Lycoming county. 

Geo. S. Perry, Aitch, Huntingdon county. 

Geo. A. Retan, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 

Alfred E. Rupp, Fort Loudon, Franklin county. 

J. B. Ryon, Sinnamahoning, Cameron county. 

Geo. W. Sheeler, Snow Shoe, Centre county. 

A. C. Silvius, Laurelton, Union county. 

H. A. Smith, East Waterford, Juniata county. 

Robert W. Stadden, Greentown, Pike county. 

Lewis E. Staley, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 

H. C. Van Horn, Conrad, Potter county. 

D. Kerr Warfield, Milroy, Mifflin county. 

A. B. Wells, Fields Station, Lycoming county. 

John R. Williams, Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland county. 

Raymond B. Winter, Mifflinburg, R. F. D., Union county. 

Chas. E. Zerby, Medix Run, Elk county. 

Blank forms for making application for seedlings and transplants 
will, on request, be furnished by tlie Department of Forestry, or by 
any one of the above named foresters. The application, properly 



32 

filled out, must be forwarded to the Department of Forestry, Harris- 
burg. Foresters and nurserymen are not invested with the right to 
grant free distribution of planting stock. This may be done only by 
the Commissioner of Forestry. 

ADVICE AND EXAMINATION. 

Extensive planting operations should not be undertaken by the 
layman without receiving advice from a competent person trained 
in the theory and practice of forestry. Reforesting costs money, and 
a mistake in judgment as to what and how to plant may mean com- 
plete failure of the plantation and a heavy loss in money and time. 
A trained forester cannot guarantee the succ-ess of a plantation, for 
failure sometimes occurs from no apparent cause, or as the result of 
insect and fungous attacks. However, it is indisputable that reliance 
on a forester's knowledge presupposes the planting of the best species 
for the site and, therefore, the best chance of success. 

The Department of Forestry is wdlling to give all possible assistance 
to individuals in planting operations. Where it is proposed to plant 
up areas of considerable size, the Dejiartment will make every effort 
to have one of its foresters make an examination of the area to be 
planted, and do this free of charge. The forester will then make a 
report to the Department on his examination, suggest the species it is 
proposed to plant, and furnish a planting plan to be followed. He 
will also give the individual w^hat advice he can on how best to plant, 
the number of men necessary to do the planting, and how to organize 
the crew. 

Since the Department of Forestry has only a limited number of 
foresters available for making examinations, application for exami- 
nations and advice should be made at least three mouths before the 
planting season. In districts wiiere there is a district forester, he 
should first be consulted for advice, since the matter will be refer- 
red to him. 

WHAT IS REQUIRED OF THE RECIPIENT. 

In return for receiving seedlings from the Department of Forestry, 
all persons are required to pay the cost of packing and transportation, 
and furnish reports requested of them. The seedlings wall be shipped 
from one of the State nurseries. About four days previous to ship- 
ment, the nurseryman will inform the applicant of the date of ship.- 
ment. On the day of shipping, he will mail tw^o blank forms which 
must be filled in. One is to be used to acknowledge receipt of the 
nursery stock (B. of B. & M. Form 52, "Nursery Stock Receipt"). 
The other is for making report on the planting of the seedlings (B, of 
S. & M. Form 34-B, 'Tlantation Report for Private Planting"). 



~ 38 

Nursery Stock Receipt. — On receiiJt of the shipment, the 
packing box shonld be examined. Then several bundles of seed- 
lings should be opened and the number of seedlings in the bundles 
counted. It will be found that the bundles contain 50, 75, or 100. 
Occasionally a few extra seedlings of small size are in the bundles. 
These should not be considered. After determining the number in each 
bundle, "heel in" all seedlings, counting the number of bundles as this 
is done. The total number of seedlings received is then known. 

The blank form, "Nursery Stock Receipt", should be filled out im- 
mediately and mailed to the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg. 
Make note thereon of the condition of the packing box and the num- 
ber of seedlings received, and their condition. 

Nursery Cfiarge. — The amq;iint of the charge for packing and 
shipping will be supplied by the nurseryman. As a rule, the 
packing and hauling to point of shipment averages about 25c per 
thousand seedlings. Transportation by mail or express averages 
about 20c jier thousand. If sent prepaid, this cost will be included 
in the amount of the charge sent by the nurseryman. This amount is 
to be remitted to the Commissioner of Forestry and should accom- 
pany the "Nursery Stock Receipt." Remittance may be made by 
postage stamps if it amounts to less than 50c. If the charge is 50c or 
over, remittance should be nmde by check or postal money order. 

PiiANTATioN Report for Private Planting. — Directl}^ after 
the seedlings are planted, the blank form provided for this pur- 
pose is to be filled out and mailed to the Commissioner of Forestry, 
Harrisburg. It is imperative that no delay in planting take place 
and that the report be submitted promptly. 

The matter of making full and complete report is important and re- 
quires careful attention. Keep account of all costs incurred, in- 
cluding drayage from station to planting site, hired labor, and the 
number of hours devoted to planting by salaried employees. Cal- 
culate what this time is worth and indicate it in the space provided 
on the blank. 

Give a description of the plantation as called for on the form. 
The information conveyed by these reports will be a matter of record 
at the Department of Forestry. We desire complete and accurate 
reports. 

SPECIES USUALLY AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION. 

All species listed under "^Species to Plant" are not grown in State 
nurseries. The following species are usually available for free distri- 
bution. 



34 

White pine 2 and 3 years old. 

Scotch pine, 2 years old. 

Pitch pine 2 years old. 

Norway spruce, 3 years old. 

European larch, 2 years old. 

The following species are occavsionally available but in more limited 
numbers. 

Red pine, 2 and 3 years old. 

Japanese larch, 2 years old. 

Bull pine, . 2 years old. 

Sugar maple, 1 and 2 years old. 

White ash, 1 and 2 years old. 

Red oak, 1 and 2 years old. 

Honey locust, 1 and 2 years old. 

Black cherry, 1 and 2 years old. 

POINTS TO BEAR IN MIND. 

1. Trees are furnished for forest planting only, not for shade or 

ornamental purposes. 

2. They are for planting only in Pennsylvania. 

3. Application should be made at least several months before the 

planting season, which begins about the first of April, and 
no application will be granted after the 31st of March. 

4. Applications must be. filled out in detail. 

5. Notice as to whether or not the application can be granted will 

be given several weeks before trees are shipped. 

6. Acknowledgment of receipt of nursery stock must be made 

promptly. For this, use Form 52, "Nursery Stock Receipt." 

7. Remittance must accompany "Nursery Stock Receipt." 

8. Seedlings must be planted without delay. 

9. Make report to the Department of Forestry on the cost of the 

planting and the conditions under which the plantation was 
made. For this, use Form 34-B. 

10. Be prepared to make report to the Department of Forestry on 

the condition of the plantation whenever requested to do so. 

11, Fewer than 500 seedlings will not be furnished. 




DDOmEESl?! 



